特提斯地球动力学

吴福元, 万博, 赵亮, 肖文交, 朱日祥. 2020. 特提斯地球动力学. 岩石学报, 36(6): 1627-1674. doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.06.01
引用本文: 吴福元, 万博, 赵亮, 肖文交, 朱日祥. 2020. 特提斯地球动力学. 岩石学报, 36(6): 1627-1674. doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.06.01
WU FuYuan, WAN Bo, ZHAO Liang, XIAO WenJiao, ZHU RiXiang. 2020. Tethyan geodynamics. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(6): 1627-1674. doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.06.01
Citation: WU FuYuan, WAN Bo, ZHAO Liang, XIAO WenJiao, ZHU RiXiang. 2020. Tethyan geodynamics. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(6): 1627-1674. doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.06.01

特提斯地球动力学

  • 基金项目:

    本文受国家自然科学基金项目(91755000、41888101)资助

详细信息
    作者简介:

    吴福元, 男, 1962年生, 研究员, 从事岩石学与地球化学研究, E-mail:wufuyuan@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

  • 中图分类号: P542

Tethyan geodynamics

  • 特提斯是地球显生宙期间位于北方劳亚大陆和南方冈瓦纳大陆之间的巨型海洋,它在新生代期间的闭合形成现今东西向展布的欧洲阿尔卑斯山、土耳其-伊朗高原、喜马拉雅山和青藏高原。根据演化历史,特提斯可划分为原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯三个阶段,分别代表早古生代、晚古生代和中生代期间的大洋。大约在500Ma左右,冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生张裂,裂解的块体向北漂移,并使其与塔里木-华北之间的原特提斯洋在420~440Ma左右关闭,产生原特提斯造山作用,与北美-西欧地区Avalonia地体与劳伦大陆之间的阿巴拉契亚-加里东造山作用基本相当。原特提斯造山带之南、早古生代即已存在的龙木错-双湖-昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋在380Ma向北俯冲,使早期闭合的康西瓦-阿尼玛卿洋重新张开,并由于弧后扩张形成金沙江-哀牢山洋。330~360Ma左右,特提斯西部大洋由于南侧非洲板块和北侧欧洲板块的碰撞而关闭,形成欧洲华力西造山带。而特提斯东段的上述三条古特提斯洋在250Ma左右基本同时关闭,华北、华南、印支等块体聚合形成华夏大陆。该大陆与冈瓦纳大陆、劳亚大陆和华力西造山带一起围限形成封闭的古特提斯残留洋,并一直到晚三叠世-早侏罗世海水才全部退出。此后,南侧冈瓦纳大陆在三叠纪晚期重新裂解形成新特提斯洋,该洋盆在新生代初期由于印度和亚洲的碰撞而关闭。原、古、新特提斯三次造山作用基本代表了中国大陆显生宙期间的地质演化历史,并在此过程中形成了特色的特提斯域金属成矿作用。广布的被动陆缘和赤道附近的古地理位置,以及后期的造山作用同时也成就了特提斯域内巨量油气资源的形成;塑就的地貌与海陆分布格局,也对当时的古气候与古环境产生了重要影响。特别是,与原、古、新特提斯洋消亡相关的三次弧岩浆活动与显生宙地球历史上三次温室地球向冰室地球的转变,在时间上高度吻合。上述演化历史同时还表明,特提斯地质演化以南侧冈瓦纳大陆不断裂解、块体向北漂移并与劳亚大陆持续聚合为特征,其动力机制主要来自俯冲板片的拖拽力,而地幔柱是否对大陆的裂解与漂移有所贡献,则有待进一步评价。

  • 加载中
  • 图 1 

    特提斯复原图

    Figure 1. 

    Reconstruction of the Tethys

    图 2 

    古特提斯洋的演化及新特提斯洋打开的弧后扩张与板块拖拽模式

    Figure 2. 

    Paleo-Tethyan evolution and the spreading models of the Neo-Tethys by back-arc or slab-pull

    图 3 

    特提斯构造域空间边界

    Figure 3. 

    Distribution of the Tethyan domain

    图 4 

    中国大陆境内及邻区主要特提斯缝合带及其块体划分

    Figure 4. 

    Tethyan sutures and blocks in China and and the adjacent regions

    图 5 

    特提斯蛇绿岩时代

    Figure 5. 

    Formation ages of the Tethyan ophiolites

    图 6 

    特提斯域主要缝合带

    Figure 6. 

    Major plate/block sutures within the Tethys

    图 7 

    中国与邻区特提斯构造域演化对比

    Figure 7. 

    Comparison of the Tethyan evolution in China and the adjacent regions

    图 8 

    特提斯演化示意图(据Torsvik et al., 2014; Torsvik, 2019修改)

    Figure 8. 

    Tethyan reconstruction in the Phanerozoic (modified after Torsvik et al., 2014; Torsvik, 2019)

    图 9 

    土耳其-伊朗大地构造图(据Okay and Tüysüz, 1999简化;插图据Smith et al., 1981修改)

    Figure 9. 

    Tectonic map of Turkey and Iran (simplified from Okay and Tüysüz, 1999; the insert map from Smith et al., 1981)

    图 10 

    古-新特提斯古生代末期共存的两种模式(底图据Scotese and Elling, 2017)

    Figure 10. 

    Two models showing coexistence of the Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys (modified after Scotese and Elling, 2017)

    图 11 

    特提斯演化阶段与显生宙重大环境-生命事件对应关系

    Figure 11. 

    Tethyan evolution and its potential connection to the environmental and mass extinction events in the Phanerozoic

    图 12 

    构造结区域地幔复杂流动模式(据Salimbeni et al., 2018修改)

    Figure 12. 

    Complicated mantle flow and slab geometry beneath the tectonic syntax (modified from Salimbeni et al., 2018)

    图 13 

    沿80°E南北向横跨特提斯构域的P波层析成像截面

    Figure 13. 

    P wave tomography model along the 80°E transects in the Tethyan tectonic domain

    表 1 

    特提斯域内主要原特提斯缝合带及块体划分

    Table 1. 

    Proto-Tethyan sutures and blocks in China

    地区 西昆仑 阿尔金 祁连-东昆仑 秦岭
    块体划分 阿北地块(塔里木) 龙首山地块(阿拉善) 华北南缘
    北阿尔金缝合带
    (525~480Ma)
    北祁连缝合带
    (550~480Ma)
    宽坪缝合带
    (470~440Ma?)
    阿中地块 中祁连地块南祁连缝合带(~500Ma)全吉地块 北秦岭地体
    南阿尔金缝合带
    (~480Ma)
    柴北缘缝合带
    (540~490Ma)
    商丹缝合带
    (480~520Ma)
    北昆仑地体(塔里木地块) 柴达木地块/昆北地体 南秦岭地体
    库地缝合带(495~525Ma) 昆中缝合带(寒武-奥陶纪)
    南昆仑地体 昆南地体
    康西瓦缝合带
    (寒武-奥陶纪)
    阿尼玛卿缝合带
    (555~515Ma)
    勉略缝合带
    (石炭纪)
    高压变质作用时代 不发育 ~500Ma (北阿尔金)
    ca. 500~490Ma (阿中)
    460~520Ma(北祁连)
    420~460Ma(柴北缘)
    410~460Ma(东昆仑)
    ~490Ma(北秦岭)
    磨拉石 奇自拉夫组(D3) 老君山(D3)/牦牛山组(D2-3) 刘岭群(D3)
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2 

    古特提斯缝合带地质特征对比

    Table 2. 

    Paleo-Tethyan sutures in China

    缝合带 康西瓦-阿尼玛卿-勉略 西金乌兰-金沙江-哀牢山 龙木错-双湖-昌宁-孟连
    磨拉石 早三叠世赛力亚克达坂组(康西瓦)
    早三叠世洪水川组(阿尼玛卿)
    晚三叠世鄂拉山群(勉略)
    晚三叠世苟鲁山克错组(西金乌兰)
    晚三叠世土门格拉组(金沙江)
    晚三叠世一碗水组(哀牢山)
    晚三叠世三岔河组(昌宁)
    晚三叠世望湖岭组(龙木错)
    高压变质作用 不发育.但勉略带一般认为东延与大别-苏鲁高压-超高压变质带相接,后者的变质时代为225~240Ma 榴辉岩(240~244Ma, 金沙江)
    高压变质岩在哀牢山段不发育,但南延进入越南后,出现高压麻粒岩和榴辉岩,变质时代228~243Ma
    蓝片岩(215~225Ma, 龙木错)
    榴辉岩(230~245Ma, 龙木错)
    蓝片岩(~242Ma, 昌宁)
    榴辉岩(~245Ma, 昌宁)
    岩浆作用 康西瓦地区北向俯冲产生岩浆弧, 大红柳滩为代表的后造山岩浆作用发育(200~240Ma为主);阿尼玛卿北向俯冲岩浆作用微弱,东昆仑大面积岩浆岩形成于后造山阶段(220~240Ma);勉略带北向俯冲岩浆作用弱, 晚期后造山岩浆作用强烈 西金乌兰段岩浆作用微弱,南向俯冲安山岩时代为晚石炭世-二叠纪;云南-川西金沙江段西南方向俯冲及碰撞产生210~255Ma的江达-维西岩浆杂岩,与东北侧义敦岛弧(210~230Ma)的关系需要进一步厘定;南部哀牢山段俯冲岩浆作用弱,俯冲极性存在争议 龙木错北向俯冲岩浆作用弱, 或被后期沉积物覆盖;昌宁地区向东俯冲产生少量弧岩浆作用,以临沧岩体为代表的后造山岩浆作用强烈(210~240Ma)
    蛇绿岩时代 康西瓦和阿尼玛卿均存在多期蛇绿岩,其中以阿尼玛卿布青山的得力斯坦岩体为代表,时代分别为450~516Ma和262~353Ma;勉略地区未发现古生代蛇绿岩,但出现此时代深海沉积 西金乌兰段蛇绿岩发育少,根据放射虫确定其时代为石炭-二叠纪;金沙江段蛇绿岩252~354Ma,以治多和东竹林岩体为代表;南部哀牢山蛇绿岩时代265~383Ma,以双沟岩体为代表.该带未出现早古生代蛇绿岩 龙木错发育多期蛇绿岩,时代分别为273~281Ma、345~367Ma、432~467Ma和486~517Ma;昌宁地区蛇绿岩出露少,晚古生代蛇绿岩以铜厂街为代表,时代为石炭-二叠纪,早古生代南汀河和湾河蛇绿岩470Ma,但其性质需进一步厘定
    下载: 导出CSV
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收稿日期:  2020-04-07
修回日期:  2020-04-29
刊出日期:  2020-06-01

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