Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes of hot springs in Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone, Sichuan Province, China
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摘要:
温泉地下水同位素特征对确定断裂带地下水来源、循环过程和断裂带活动性至关重要。为了确定青藏高原东缘温泉的地下水同位素特征和流体来源，本研究采集了鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上温泉水、冷泉水、河流和积雪融水等样品，进行了氢氧稳定同位素和水化学组分测定，并进行了同位素特征的对比研究。分析结果表明，温泉水体δ18O变化范围为-19.04‰~-12.71‰，平均值为-16.42‰；δ2H变化范围为-144.07‰~-88.63‰，平均值为-122.37‰。河水的δ18O变化范围为-15.90‰~-10.85‰，平均值为-13.86‰；δ2H变化范围为-118.21‰~-71.12‰，平均值为-98.99‰。康定冷泉δ18O和δ2H分别为-13.66‰和-106.74‰。道孚积雪融水的δ18O和δ2H分别为-10.27‰和-65.41‰。不同类型水体样品氢氧稳定同位素组成主要分布在全球和区域大气降水线上，表明了大气降水成因，缺少明显的氧同位素漂移特征。不同类型水体同位素值差异较大，显示出温泉与河水、积雪融水之间补给来源的不一致性。温泉同位素值具有明显的同位素高程效应，鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上氧同位素高程效应为-0.23‰/100m，氢同位素高程效应为-1.95‰/100m。温泉氧同位素漂移与相关离子比值、Na-K-Mg三角图、Li和Sr元素等指标表明研究区域大部分温泉的水岩作用强度弱。氢氧稳定同位素特征、水岩作用特征和循环深度揭示出温泉的成因为远距离大气降水运移补给地下水，地下水在地下热储层加热后通过断裂上升到地表形成温泉，这为认识青藏高原东缘地热水循环、断裂带活动性与演化特征提供了依据。
Abstract:Isotopic feature and recharge sources of hot springs are very important to monitor a fault zone activity. This study investigated the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes and hydrochemical compositions at hot springs, cold spring, rivers and snowmelt water in the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The analytical results show the δ18O variation range from -19.04‰ to -12.71‰ with an average of -16.42‰, and the range of δ2H from -144.07‰ to -88.63‰ with an average of -122.37‰ in the hot springs. The δ18O and δ2H values in river water change from -15.90‰ to -10.85‰ and from -118.21‰ to -71.12‰ with averages of -13.86‰ and -98.99‰, respectively. The δ18O and δ2H values of cold spring at Kangding are -13.66‰ and -106.74‰, respectively. The δ18O and δ2H values of snowmelt water at Daofu are -10.27‰ and -65.41‰, respectively. The isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen are distributed around the global meteoric water line (GMWL) and local meteoric water line (LMWL), indicating that the water recharge sources are meteoric water with unobvious oxygen isotope shift. The isotopic ratios of different water types show wide variations, indicative of the inconsistency of recharge sources among hot springs, rivers and snowmelt water. The isotopic values of hot springs have clearly isotopic altitude effect. The altitude effect of oxygen isotope is -0.23‰/100m and the hydrogen isotope is -1.95‰/100m in the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone. The oxygen isotope shift, the relevant ions ratios, a Na-K-Mg triangular diagram and Li and Sr concentrations indicate that most of the hot springs are with weak water-rock interactions. The isotopic characteristics, water-rock interaction and circulation depths suggest that the groundwater recharges are the long-distance migration meteoric water, and the groundwater are heated in underground thermal reservoirs and then rise to the surface along the faults. The investigative results are very important for understanding the characteristics of geothermal water circulation and fault activity and evolution in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
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图 2
水样δ18O-δ2H分布及其与全球和区域大气降水线的关系
Figure 2.
Plot of δ18O vs. δ2H and their correlations with GMWL and LMWL
图 3
温泉(a、b)和河水(c、d)采样点海拔与δ18O和δ2H的关系
Figure 3.
Plot of altitude vs. δ18O and δ2H for hot springs (a, b) and for rivers (c, d)
图 5
温泉循环深度与δ18O和δ2H的对比关系
Figure 5.
Plot of circulation depths vs. δ18O and δ2H for hot springs
表 1
采样点位置和氢氧稳定同位素组成
Table 1.
The sampling locations and analyzed δ2H and δ18O data
样品号 采样点描述 东经(°) 北纬(°) 海拔(m) 水温(℃) δ18O(‰) δ2H(‰) S1 道孚新江沟温泉 101.1054 31.0539 3258 51.14 -19.04 -144.07 S2 道孚七美1#温泉 101.1761 31.1726 3889 52.59 -19.03 -143.73 S3 道孚七美2#温泉 101.1824 31.1416 3946 53.66 -18.53 -139.20 S4 道孚龙普沟54泉 101.2424 30.9490 3375 39.72 -18.13 -139.29 S5 道孚苍龙沟1#温泉 101.2896 30.8605 3554 45.57 -18.41 -137.08 S6 道孚苍龙沟2#温泉 101.2896 30.8605 3554 45.34 -18.44 -137.75 S7 道孚八美牦牛沟2#温泉 101.6260 30.5432 3443 68.19 -18.24 -138.92 S8 道孚八美牦牛沟1#温泉 101.6207 30.5324 3467 55.58 -18.33 -139.92 S9 康定折多塘温泉 101.8948 29.9921 3228 37.67 -17.94 -131.85 S10 康定中谷温泉1# 101.8676 30.2680 3106 62.56 -16.88 -125.84 S11 康定中谷温泉2# 101.8688 30.2683 3099 46.21 -16.38 -123.29 S12 康定雅拉温泉3# 101.8856 30.2461 3020 59.81 -16.96 -128.03 S13 康定雅拉温泉2# 101.8850 30.2453 3018 56.66 -17.04 -127.41 S14 康定二道桥55泉 101.9525 30.0841 2563 41.47 -14.92 -111.08 S15 康定龙头沟57泉 101.9587 29.9763 2956 72.17 -16.38 -127.75 S16 康定灌顶温泉 101.9629 29.9491 3029 74.81 -15.31 -115.37 S17 贡嘎山温泉 101.9622 29.3871 2517 46.71 -15.26 -110.57 S18 泸定新兴乡温泉 102.0615 29.7514 2257 41.89 -14.84 -105.13 S19 泸定共和温泉 102.1110 29.6170 1599 55.49 -12.71 -88.63 S20 石棉田湾温泉 102.1587 29.4689 1175 57.19 -13.27 -92.22 S21 石棉公益海温泉 102.3927 29.0220 2163 57.56 -14.95 -107.87 S22 喜德路边温泉 102.3773 28.3214 1816 39.92 -13.62 -99.85 S23 喜德红莫泉 102.2436 28.0852 1734 49.27 -14.57 -110.79 S24 西昌河西温泉 102.1509 27.7481 1519 37.29 -14.81 -111.25 M1 道孚七美山顶积雪融水 101.2349 31.0153 4555 ~ -10.27 -65.41 CS1 康定雅拉冷泉1# 101.8851 30.2447 3017 19.88 -13.66 -106.74 R1 道孚新江沟温泉旁河水 101.1029 31.0503 3229 15.59 -15.90 -118.21 R2 道孚七美1#河水 101.1761 31.1726 3889 6.48 -14.73 -105.35 R3 道孚七美云祝措河水 101.2147 31.0891 4197 6.63 -14.13 -100.82 R5-1 道孚苍龙沟河水1# 101.2752 30.8465 3460 11.56 -14.30 -103.11 R5-2 道孚苍龙沟河水2# 101.2745 30.8490 3477 10.77 -14.99 -109.04 R9 康定折多塘温泉旁河水 101.8952 29.9919 3220 8.52 -15.54 -111.86 R11 康定中谷温泉2#旁河水 101.8689 30.2682 3097 9.86 -14.64 -104.30 R16 康定灌顶温泉旁河水 101.9629 29.9485 3026 13.90 -14.19 -100.07 R17 贡嘎山温泉旁河水 101.9624 29.3871 2516 13.56 -14.79 -107.02 R18 泸定新兴乡温泉旁河水 102.0615 29.7514 2257 12.71 -11.20 -73.83 R21 石棉公益海温泉旁河水 102.3927 29.0220 2164 18.56 -10.85 -71.12 R23 喜德红莫泉旁河水 102.2434 28.0845 1734 23.82 -10.99 -83.09 注："~"为未测量 
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表 2
温泉和冷泉水化学组成结果(mg/L)
Table 2.
The analyzed chemical compositions and related parameters (mg/L)
样品号 Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ HCO3- CO32- SO42- Cl- NO3- F- E(%) Li Sr MGI (Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3- S1 37.19 11.94 521.5 15.20 1681 0 37.97 2.65 6.41 2.41 -5.01 0.81 1.02 29.09 0.10 S2 66.28 13.24 190.5 12.01 854.1 0 10.24 10.83 3.01 5.02 -6.61 4.81 0.78 38.87 0.31 S3 69.06 9.64 152.1 11.39 716.8 0 13.25 8.75 2.15 5.39 -6.08 4.04 0.45 24.14 0.36 S4 75.79 11.09 290.2 11.25 1104 0 14.94 19.82 3.06 2.94 -4.25 0.46 1.41 39.71 0.26 S5 131.7 38.52 109.7 15.17 945.6 0 21.91 3.26 3.17 1.07 -4.03 0.15 1.40 11.11 0.63 S6 140.0 37.93 111.8 15.72 957.8 0 21.85 3.37 3.05 1.05 -3.09 0.16 1.43 11.36 0.64 S7 44.51 1.01 274.6 22.55 918.1 0 7.33 42.88 2.67 7.51 -6.38 3.43 1.83 74.12 0.15 S8 66.44 38.49 471.3 81.19 1940 0 14.25 35.26 4.82 4.89 -6.98 1.87 2.80 72.74 0.20 S9 2.91 0.13 161.9 1.12 381.3 0 12.48 9.20 0.62 22.92 -4.98 0.13 0.21 26.21 0.02 S10 48.42 7.47 257.6 25.90 838.8 0 15.61 73.41 2.26 4.31 -4.82 2.34 0.82 30.14 0.22 S11 73.66 14.38 260.2 27.27 985.2 0 12.69 73.39 3.35 4.35 -5.30 2.36 1.01 37.64 0.30 S12 105.4 19.40 329.7 31.36 1266 0 23.80 80.24 3.23 3.56 -3.82 2.65 1.10 25.99 0.33 S13 110.2 19.18 315.6 30.39 1251 0 25.28 78.80 3.51 3.30 -4.22 2.49 1.11 23.34 0.35 S14 245.1 49.32 123.5 21.45 1220 0 112.8 43.28 2.90 0.50 -3.12 0.48 1.31 2.00 0.81 S15 48.42 33.20 502.5 54.91 1452 0 26.53 228.3 0.25 3.43 -4.32 3.50 1.09 30.45 0.22 S16 54.60 16.19 318.3 42.20 771.7 0 53.67 180.2 2.85 1.60 0.01 3.30 0.94 8.81 0.32 S17 117.3 20.26 142.0 15.69 704.6 0 31.70 41.34 2.23 0.69 2.37 0.94 1.01 8.20 0.65 S18 23.12 11.27 295.6 9.18 750.4 0 18.74 98.09 3.83 2.84 -1.60 0.10 0.63 26.46 0.17 S19 56.29 20.20 125.8 10.62 497.2 0 60.51 20.77 1.75 1.86 0.46 0.18 0.75 4.09 0.55 S20 61.75 6.14 140.2 13.93 262.3 0 256.7 12.98 1.26 1.84 -0.42 0.25 0.83 1.14 0.83 S21 1.23 0.03 127.6 5.07 42.70 42.00 32.80 51.80 0.25 22.77 2.66 0.35 0.04 6.18 0.09 S22 150.2 61.97 51.05 36.70 655.8 0 186.5 20.07 3.73 0.87 1.45 0.41 1.39 0.67 1.17 S23 93.21 31.13 215.6 51.74 494.1 0 233.2 140.4 3.19 2.19 2.38 1.16 1.74 1.39 0.89 S24 0.86 0.04 46.77 0.11 85.41 30.00 9.57 6.24 1.54 1.24 -15.79 0.03 0.04 9.34 0.03 CS1 89.72 22.91 284.5 27.73 1171 0 19.22 69.78 4.04 2.79 -5.64 2.17 0.97 27.78 0.33
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