Carbon releasing mechanisms and flux estimation in subducting slabs: Problems and progress
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摘要:
地球98%以上的碳赋存在地球深部地幔和地核中。地球深部储库(地幔和地核)中的碳以各类岩浆作用释放到地表，而地球表层系统(大气圈、水圈、生物圈)中的碳又可以伴随板块俯冲作用进入地球深部地幔。然而俯冲过程中不同的脱碳机制会将俯冲板片中部分乃至全部碳带出板片，而后经由岛弧岩浆作用、流体扩散作用等途径返回地表。因此，板片俯冲过程中的脱碳机制及其通量深刻地影响了地质时间尺度中地表系统的二氧化碳浓度，进而改变地球的宜居性。本文总结了目前主流观点认可的五种俯冲板片脱碳机制：变质反应脱碳、流体溶解脱碳、熔融脱碳、底辟脱碳和氧化还原脱碳。另一方面，目前对于俯冲板片各种脱碳机制对应的脱碳效率还有很大的争议，因此本文进一步梳理了板片俯冲过程中不同脱碳机制相关的通量估算的研究进展与存在的问题，建议将来综合多种方法对比研究俯冲带碳循环问题，以期在俯冲带深部碳循环过程和通量方面取得突破性进展。
Abstract:More than 98% of the global carbon is stored in the Earth's mantle and the core. The carbon in the Earth's interior could release to the surface by various magmatism, while the carbon on the surface can enter the Earth's interior along with the subduction of plates. Subducting slabs cannot carry all the stored carbon into the deep Earth. Different decarbonization mechanisms will release carbon out of the slabs during the subducting process. The carbon releasing mechanism and the flux in the subduction zones have profound impacts on the concentration of CO2 in the Earth's surface system which could change the habitability of the Earth. Here we summarized five decarbonization mechanisms: metamorphic decarbonization, carbonate dissolution, carbonate melting, sediments diapirism, and redox reaction. On the other hand, the carbon releasing fluxes in the subduction zones are still controversial at present. Therefore, we also reviewed the research progress and the problems for decarbonization mechanism and their flux estimation in the subduction zones to inspire new research methods to make a breakthrough of the deep carbon cycle in subduction zones in the future.
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图 2
俯冲泥质岩、基性岩与超基性岩体系中发生的典型变质脱碳反应
Figure 2.
The P-T boundaries of metamorphic decarbonation reactions in different composition systems
图 3
由DEW模型计算得到的碳酸钙在俯冲带流体中的溶解度等值线(据Kelemen and Manning, 2015修改)
Figure 3.
The solubility contour of CaCO3 in the aqueous fluids from the subduction zones based on thermodynamic calculation by the DEW model (modified after Kelemen and Manning, 2015)
图 4
碳酸盐化硅酸岩体系高温高压实验固相线
Figure 4.
The solidus of carbonated silicates in different composition systems
图 5
低压下固相线回弯原因的示意图(据Hammouda and Keshav, 2015修改)
Figure 5.
The reasons for ledge in carbonated silicate solidus (modified after Hammouda and Keshav, 2015)
图 6
俯冲带氧逸度模式图(据Rohrbach and Schmidt, 2011; Stagno et al., 2013; Cannaò and Malaspina, 2018; Tao et al., 2020修改)
Figure 6.
The model of oxygen fugacity in the subduction zones and the mantel (modified after Rohrbach and Schmidt, 2011; Stagno et al., 2013; Cannaò and Malaspina, 2018; Tao et al., 2020)
图 7
基性岩体系流体溶解脱碳、变质反应脱碳、熔融脱碳的温压范围
Figure 7.
The P-T conditions of carbonate dissolution (in blue area), decarbonation (in yellow area), and carbonate melting (in red area) (after Syracuse et al., 2010; Schmidt and Poli, 2014; Yaxley and Brey, 2004)
图 8
俯冲带碳循环综合研究数据的采集方法
Figure 8.
Data collection methods for comprehensive study of carbon cycle in subduction zone
图 9
俯冲带脱碳效率在0~200Ma随着时间的变化趋势(据Wong et al., 2019修改)
Figure 9.
The decarbonization efficiency of arc volcanos changed in the last 200Ma (modified after Wong et al., 2019)
表 1
不同计算方法获得的俯冲板片脱碳通量以及脱碳效率
Table 1.
The carbon-releasing flux and efficiency in subduction slabs based on the various calculated methods
方法分类 计算过程概括 研究区域 脱碳通量(Mt C/yr) 脱碳效率(%) 俯冲板片含碳量、岛弧火山释放碳量 输入：平均俯冲板片模型；释放：全球弧火山脱碳通量的观测数据(Dasgupta and Hirschmann, 2010) 全球 18~37 40~70 输入：全球各俯冲带分别计算含碳量；释放：全球弧火山脱碳总量(Plank and Manning, 2019) 全球 21~24 21~35 输入：大洋钻探岩芯计算俯冲板片总含碳量；释放：弧火山SO2浓度计算岛弧火山释放二氧化碳量(Li et al., 2020b) Antilles 0.15 100 俯冲板片含碳量、俯冲带各脱碳方式脱碳总量 输入：全球俯冲板片分别统计；释放：开放体系变质反应脱碳、溶解脱碳、底辟脱碳、熔融脱碳结合计算脱碳通量(Kelemen and Manning, 2015) 全球 14~66 20~100 CO2浓度模拟 CO2与Ba以相同强度从地幔向地表释放，俯冲带以不同CO2与Ba回收效率回收，模拟达到现今地表CO2/Ba的比值(Hirschmann, 2018) 全球 - 25~60 岛弧同位素异常来自板片脱流体的贡献 岛弧岩浆238U异常富集所需要的沉积物的量计算出板片释放含碳沉积物的通量(Avanzinelli et al., 2018) Vesuvius 0.15~0.8 - 岛弧地区深源热泉以及岩浆的13C以及3He同位素异常所需俯冲板片释放流体量(Barry et al., 2019) Costa Rica 0.44 33.6 俯冲带高压变质岩石反演 高压变质岩石全岩成分与含CO2流体在310℃、1GPa进行平衡计算，获得进变质初期岩石的含碳量，再与现在含碳量差值得到脱碳程度，结合全球平均板片模型计算全球俯冲带脱碳通量(Stewart and Ague, 2020) 全球 24 65 
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