塔里木盆地构造格架和构造应力场分析
Tectonic framework of the Tarim basin and its tectonic stress field analysis
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摘要: 以区域构造背景为基础,分析塔里木盆地的基本构造格架是本文的主要宗旨。塔里木盆地中部存在一规模较大的近于E-W向的构造带,谓中塔里木构造带或中塔里木断裂带,平面上它大致和塔里木中央隆起带相对应,东延,和阿尔金造山复合体的一组规模较大的、近于直立的E-W向韧性剪切带和断裂带相连,西延,插入西昆仑造山带和南天山造山带的结合部位。在剖面上具有背冲式(断背状)断裂组合,其形成始于早古生代,强烈活动期在三叠纪后。断裂带具有逆冲、走滑和垂向挤出性质,是目前塔里木盆地的主要含油带。中塔里木断裂带和塔中隆起带属于同一动力学系统中不同构造阶段的产物,在空间上是互为一体的,在早古生代为一强烈坳陷带,晚古生代以后逐渐转化为隆起带。大致位于北纬39°30'~40°的E-W向高正磁异常带,为一以基性麻粒岩为代表的结晶基底、基性岩墙和花岗质类岩石,并叠加晚元古-早古生代活动陆缘岩浆弧的大型东西向构造杂岩带。中塔里木断裂带(塔中隆起带)以南至塔南前陆盆地的塔南地区,以E-W向构造岩浆岩带上叠NEE向断裂构造(断隆和断凹)为基本特征,其断裂组合完全可以与南阿尔金断裂以南的南阿尔金地体的断裂组合相类比。中塔里木断裂带以北至塔北前陆盆地的塔北地区以长期坳陷为特征。西昆仑-塔里木盆地盆山结合带表现为西昆仑山体的北向逆冲推覆和山前带的强烈挤压及塔南前陆盆地的急剧沉降,而西天山-塔里木盆地盆山结合带则表现为由于塔里木地块向天山复合造山体的强烈北向俯冲导致的南天山的南向逆冲推覆和塔北(前陆盆地后的)隆起。塔里木盆地处于南北两侧向盆地挤压、东侧左旋走滑和西侧右旋走滑的复杂构造应力状态,塔里木盆地现今构造格局的形成基本上是上述4类不同性质的构造应力场对先存的E-W向构造经多次强烈改造、叠加的结果。Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the tectonic framework of the Tarim Basin using regional tectonics. There is a large scale E-W fracture tectonic belt in the center of the Tarim basin, called the Central Tarim tectonic belt or the Central Tarim fracture belt whose geometric plane roughly corresponds to the Central uplift belt of the Tarim basin. Its eastern section extends to connect a group of large-scale near-vertical E-W ductile shear zones and fault zones in the Altyn Tagh orogenic complex, and its western section extends to intersect the binding sites of the West Kunlun orogenic belt and South Tianshan orogenic belt. Regarding its profile, it presents a back-thrust (anticlinal thrust) fracture combination whose formation began in the Early Paleozoic period and whose intense activities continued until after the Triassic Period. The fracture belt, which comprises natural features caused by the geographic thrusting, slipping and vertical squeezing, includes the major oil-bearing zones of the Tarim basin. The E-W highly positive anomaly zone, located roughly at latitude 39°30'~40°, is a large-scale E-W tectonic complex rock zone formed with a crystalline basement and represented by basic granulites, mafic dykes, and granite rocks, as well as superimposed with a Late-Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic active continental margin magmatic arc. The areas from the foreland basin of South Tarim to the Central Tarim fracture belt (the Central uplift belt of Tarim) is distinguished by the basic characteristics of an E-W tectono-magmatic belt, and superimposed with NEE faulted structure(fault rifts and fault sags), whose fracture assemblages are analogous to the fracture assemblages of South Altyn terrene at the south of the Central Altyn fault. The range from the north of the Central Tarim fracture belt to the foreland basin of the northern Tarim is a region characterized by a long-term down-warping. The conjunction belt at the West Kunlun-Tarim basin is manifested as the northward thrust faulting of the West Kunlun Mountains, the intense compression of its piedmont zone, and the sharp subsidence of the foreland basin of South Tarim. On the other hand, the conjunction belt at the West Tianshan Mountains-Tarim basin is manifested as the southward thrust faulting of the South Tianshan Mountains and uplifting at the back of the foreland basin of the northern Tarim, due to the strong northward subduction of Tarim massif against the orogenic complex of Tianshan Mountains. In its present state, the Tarim basin is featured by complex tectonic stress bearing the extrusion towards the basin space, squeezed by both north and south sides, sinistral strike-slip at the east, and dextral strike-slip at the west. Therefore, the formation of the current tectonic framework of Tarim basin is basically result of the four different types of tectonic stress fields mentioned above, which have attached multiple, intense transformations and superpositions against the pre-existing E-W directional tectonic texture.
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